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First of all, there is no getting
around the fact that the ideal temperature range for
placing concrete is 40° to 80°
F. However, high quality concrete work can be done
at temperatures above that range.
Often specifications will state that cooling is required
if ambient or concrete temperatures exceed a
certain limit. My experience has been that most of the
reduction in quality occurs between 80°
and 90° and there is very little difference between 90°
concrete and 100° concrete. Therefore a limit of 90°
does not make much sense, and a limit of 80° would be
very expensive to implement.
My suggestion is
to emphasize prompt delivery and placement. The
Concrete Construction web site says it
best: "A concern regarding delivery
and placement times in hot weather is the rate of slump
loss in the concrete. One study showed that after 90
minutes of mixing, concrete at 90° F had a 2 3/4-inch
slump loss (ACI Journal, August 1977). Specifications on
delivery time usually aim to limit the amount of slump
loss, so concrete can be placed and finished without
adding excess water to the mix. ASTM C 94, "Standard
Specification for Ready Mixed Concrete," states that the
time from concrete batching to placement should be 90
minutes or the time it takes for 300 drum revolutions,
whichever comes first. However, it also states that this
requirement may be waived by the purchaser if, after 90
minutes, the concrete still can be placed without adding
water to the batch. The 90-minute window is not precise.
The key is getting workable concrete without exceeding
maximum water requirements. Even if the slump has fallen
out of specification, ACI 305, "Hot Weather Concreting,"
allows for additional water to increase slump as long as
the maximum allowable water content or water-cement
ratio is not exceeded. High-range water-reducing
admixtures also can be used to return the concrete to a
workable condition if excessive slump loss occurs.
Source: Concrete Construction, August 1994"
Most of the time, quality concrete
can be poured without cooling, even on days when
temperatures reach 100° or more.
Planning ahead, wetting the subgrade adequately,
appropriate use of water reducing/retarding admixtures
and flyash, evaporation retardants, and proper curing
can produce a good job without the use of expensive
cooling techniques. The cheapest, most effective way to
cure concrete is through the use of a membrane curing
compound. Concrete should always be cured regardless of
temperature. This is one of most frequently omitted
steps in finishing concrete, but one of the most
important.
Concrete poured in
hot weather will have higher early strength gain, but
lower ultimate strengths. Proper mix design can
compensate for these conditions, and in combination with
protective measures to prevent rapid evaporation,
quality concrete can be poured in hot temperatures.
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